Web Framework and Services (Major-12)

Core PHP Programming

5 topics

• Introduction to PHP (ver 8.x): role of PHP in server-side web development; history and evolution; installation and configuration using XAMPP/WAMP; setting up the development environment using VS Code
• Basic PHP syntax and variables: script structure and tags; declaring variables and constants; echo and print; comments and formatting conventions
• Data types and operators: primitive types (string, int, float, boolean); arrays and objects; type casting and juggling; operators (arithmetic, logical, comparison, assignment)
• Control structures and arrays: if/else/elseif/switch; for, while, do-while, foreach; arrays (indexed, associative, multidimensional); array operations (sort(), asort(), ksort(), array_merge())
• Functions and form handling: user-defined functions; parameters and return values; variable scope (global vs. local); handling forms with $_GET and $_POST; basic input validation and sanitization

Advanced PHP and File Management

4 topics

• File handling and directories: include and require; file operations (fopen(), fread(), fwrite(), fclose()); file upload ($_FILES, move_uploaded_file()); file download using PHP headers; directory operations (opendir(), readdir(), mkdir(), rmdir())
• Forms, filters and JSON: designing and handling HTML forms; server-side validation; PHP filters (filter_var() and constants); parsing and generating JSON (json_encode(), json_decode())
• Cookies, sessions and emails: cookies (setcookie(), $_COOKIE); session management (session_start(), $_SESSION); sending emails using mail(); email formatting (headers, subject, attachments)
• OOP and exception handling in PHP: classes and objects; constructors and property visibility; inheritance and method overriding; exception handling (try, catch, finally, throw); input validation using regular expressions

Database Interaction and CodeIgniter Framework

4 topics

• PHP with MySQL/MongoDB: connecting using mysqli or PDO; creating databases and tables; CRUD operations (INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE); clauses (WHERE, ORDER BY, LIMIT)
• AJAX for backend integration: asynchronous requests; sending AJAX requests to PHP; real-time search functionality; JSON data exchange with JavaScript and PHP
• CodeIgniter introduction (CI4): installing and configuring; MVC architecture in CodeIgniter; creating models, views, and controllers; URL routing and default controller setup
• Core features in CodeIgniter: form validation using CI validation library; session management and flashdata; handling file uploads; loading helpers and libraries

Indian knowledge system on Astronomy

3 topics

• Ancient Indian Astronomy from Suryasidhdhanta by Aryabhatt: Motion of the Earth (3.9); Length of the Year (3.10); Lunar and Solar Eclipses (4.5); Motion of Planets (1.13); Influence of the Sun on Planetary Motion (2.12); Zodiac and Signs (1.5); Solar System (1.15); Speed of Planets (6.5); Planetary Distances from earth to moon (7.8); Latitude and Longitude of Planets (8.12)
• Ancient Indian Astronomy by Varahmihir: On Lunar Phases (2.10); On the Movements of the Stars (2.18); Ecliptic Latitude and Longitude; Sidereal and Tropical Years; Planetary Conjunctions and Aspects
• Students prepare a presentation and detailed report on assigned topics; project development based on Unit-1 to Unit-3

Previous-year question papers

Published by VNSGU. These open on the university’s own site.

• October 2025504-Major-2-Web Framework and Services (TH)

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